echocardiography

What is the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) in fetal? correct answer: VSD CHD most likely associated with abnormal chromosomes? correct answer: VSD, AVSD, Tetralogy of Fallot CHD least likely associated with abnormal chromosomes? correct answer: D-TGA, Atrial Isomerism (heterotaxy) CHD most likely associated with non-cardiac anomalies? correct answer: Tetralogy of Fallot, Coarctation, Pulmonary Stenosis Organogenesis correct answer: All major organ systems, including ...

The PLAX view allows ID of all of the following wall segments EXCEPT: A. Basal and mid-interventricular septum B. Basal and mid-posterior wall of the LV C. Infero-lateral wall of the LV D. LV apex correct answer: D Wall segments that are visualized in the PSAX view of LV at papillary muscle level include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Anterior septum B. Anterior wall C. Antero-inferior wall D. Antero-lateral wall correct answer: C LV wall segments that may be visualized in the a...

what is required in order for blood flow to occur? correct answer: a pressure difference the two types of spectral Doppler correct answer: pulsed-wave (PW) continuous wave (CW) which valve is slightly more apical, the MV or the TV? correct answer: TV how do you optimize color gain? correct answer: increase it until excessive and then lower by 1 when there is an obstruction to flow, the flow becomes _____ correct answer: turbulent turbulent flow is predicted by the ______ num...

What is an ultrasound wave? correct answer: Longitudinal, mechanical wave/vibrations that induce alternate refractions & compressions of any physical medium in which they pass. How do sound waves travel? correct answer: In a straight line - particles move in the same direction of the wave. Sound waves have 2 areas: correct answer: 1) Compressions - regions of higher density & high pressure - particles packed together. -2) Rarefactions - regions of lower density & lower pressure. I...

What are the types of echo exams correct answer: transthorasic and transesophagal What are the tomographic planes? correct answer: suprasternal, right parasternal, parasternal, right apical, apical, subcostal What can be seen with echo? DIHREE correct answer: DIHREE - • Detect structural abnormalities • Identify pathology • Hemodynamic information • Rule out source of thrombus • Evaluate cardiac wall motion • Evaluate valve function and chamber sizes What are the applicat...

Normal LVEDD (males) Severely abnormal LVEED Normal LV diastolic volume index Normal LV systolic volume index Severely abnormal LV diastolic volume index Left ventricular Mass Index correct answer: 4.2-5.8 cm >6.8 cm <74 mL/m^2 <31 mL/m^2 >100 mL/m^2 <115 g/m^2 Normal LVEDD (females) Severely abnormal LVEED Normal LV diastolic volume index Normal LV systolic volume index Severely abnormal LV diastolic volume index Left ventricular Mass Index correct ...

A way to INDUCE CONTROLLED STRESS on the heart and monitor its response correct answer: Stress Echo Patients with ________ will OFTEN have ABNORMAL CHANGES in the EKG and/or WALL MOTION correct answer: CAD (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE) What IMAGING TESTS should you add to STRESS TESTING to INCREASE TESTING SENSITIVITY/SPECIFICITY? correct answer: 1) ECHO 2) NUCLEAR SCAN When ECHO or NUCLEAR SCANS are added to STRESS TESTS, it INCREASES the SENSITIVITY/SPECIFICITY from ________%-________...

WHAT TWO NATURAL SHUNTS CAUSE BLOOD FLOW IN THE FETAL HEART TO BE DIFFERENT? correct answer: FORAMEN OVALE AND DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS CONNECTION THAT SHUNTS BLOOD FROM PULMONARY ARTERY TO THE AORTA correct answer: DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS THE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS BYPASSES WHAT? correct answer: THE LUNGS OPENING BETWEEN LT AND RT ATRIA THAT correct answer: FORAMEN OVALE WHICH SIDE OF THE HEART IS LARGER IN A FETUS (IN UTERO ONLY)? correct answer: RIGHT THE FORAMEN OVALE SHUNTS BLOOD FROM THE...

Levoposition correct answer: most of the cardiac mass is to the left of midline Dextroposition correct answer: most of the cardiac mass is to the right of midline Mesoposition correct answer: the heart is evenly divided around the midline Connection correct answer: The exact anatomic attachment of the pulmonary vein to a chamber or other vein Drainage correct answer: Venous flow may be directed or flow to a chamber other than, or in addition to the one that it is connected to as...

Inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, & hepatic veins demonstrate systolic flow reversal. What type of valve abnormality would you expect to see? A. mild mitral regurgitation B. severe mitral regurgitation C. mild tricuspid regurgitation D. severe tricuspid regurgitation correct answer: D When estimating pulmonary artery pressure, the most reliable non-invasive method is: A. tricuspid valve regurgitant jet velocity B. pulmonic valve systolic velocity C. pulmonary artery catheter...