Biol 252 Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

what nervous system does the digestive system use - ANSWER Enteric Nervous System what covers the digestive tract - ANSWER internal lumen Ingestion - ANSWER Taking food in Propulsion - ANSWER Moving through GI tract Digestion - ANSWER mechanical and chemical break down of food Absorption - ANSWER Passing end products from lumen to blood and lymph Tissue of lumen - ANSWER 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa Smooth Muscle layers of the stomach - ANSWER 1....

What do you think would happen if the elastic fibers in tissues were distensible but not elastic? - ANSWER This would cause the tissues to be unable to resume their original shape and size once the stretching forces were removed. Predict what would happen if the tight junctions in blood vessels were not functional. - ANSWER Tight junctions make the spaces between the cells relatively impermeable to water and many solutes. Nonfunctional tight junctions in blood vessels would allow much of the ...

cardiocytes - ANSWER contractile cells of the heart desmosomes - ANSWER attach cardiocytes together. When one cell contracts, the other will not separate. Think of them like glue between the cells. Connected via gap junctions Electrical and chemical coupling The heart muscle acts as a single functional unit If you had designed a heart, in which the heart muscle cells can contract in unison, what would you do? - ANSWER Innervate only a few muscle cells and have them attach to each other...

How are the amino acid-based and the steroid hormones different from each other (e.g. chemical properties; transport in the blood; interactions with target cells)? - ANSWER Amino acid hormones: water soluble, unbound in blood, short duration effect, needs second messenger to send signal to nucleus for transcription Steroid hormones: lipid soluble, bound in blood to protein carriers for transport, prolonged effect I gave one example of a second messenger in the voicethread. Try to find ano...

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland. It is both lipid and water-soluble. Knowing that gene X transcription is repressed in response to melatonin secretion, we can safely assume that: - ANSWER We cannot tell which receptor binds to melatonin, as both membrane-bound and intracellular can lead to repression What is the body's second great controlling system? - ANSWER The endocrine system What is the endocrine system composed of? - ANSWER Endocrine glands How does the endoc...

Epimysium - ANSWER Connective tissue layer surrounding muscle organ Fasicles - ANSWER Muscular subunits that contain muscle cells. Coated by parimysium Muscle Cell - ANSWER Coated by endomysium Sarcolemma - ANSWER muscle cell cytoplasm Unique characteristics of muscle cells - ANSWER High concentration of mitochondria, multiple nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules, and myofibrils Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER ER that covers the myofibrils

astrocytes - ANSWER support and brace neurons and blood vessels, regulate ECF environment of CNS, formation of blood brain barrier, and repair damaged brain tissue oligodendrocytes - ANSWER insulator of CNS neurons- myelinates neurons microglia - ANSWER "immune cells" of CNS; clean up environment acting as wandering phagocytes ependymal cells - ANSWER ciliated epithelial cells that circulate cerebrospinal fluid schwann cells - ANSWER myelinate neurons of the PNS and repair damaged ...

How are the amino acid-based and the steroid hormones different from each other (e.g. chemical properties; transport in the blood; interactions with target cells)? - Amino acid hormones: water soluble, unbound in blood, short duration effect, needs second messenger to send signal to nucleus for transcription Steroid hormones: lipid soluble, bound in blood to protein carriers for transport, prolonged effect I gave one example of a second messenger in the voicethread. Try to find another exam...

Function follows _____________ - ANSWER Form Afferent = - ANSWER Sensory Efferent = - ANSWER Motor Two divisions of the sensory nervous system: - ANSWER Somatic and visceral What does the somatic nervous system control? - ANSWER skin, skeletal muscles, joints What does the visceral nervous system control? - ANSWER smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, organs two divisions of motor division - ANSWER somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system T/F: As the stomach expa...

chondrocytes - found in healthy cartilage; make up the matrix; facilitate the exchange of fluids through gelatinous layers; not capable of cell division tension - stretching of the muscle that are resisted by collagen fibers; aka pulling forces compression - pushing the bones toward the middle, resisted by cartilage torsion - twisting stress put on bones; collagen fibers provide resistance to it as a unit diaphysis - middle part or shaft of a bone epiphysis - head or end of a bone epiphys...