Class notes
Class notes for intro to psych unit 3
- Course
- PBSI 107 (PBSI107)
- Institution
- Texas A&M University
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Chapter 7 - MemoryMemory Processes
● Memory, a system that
○ Receives information from the senses
○ Puts it into a useable form
○ Organizes it as it stores
○ Retrieves information from storage
Encoding
● Encoding: information is put into memory
○ Acoustic: information as sounds
○ Visual: information as images
○ Semantic: information as general meaning
● Level of processing model
● Maintenance rehearsal: shallow
○ Repetition
○ Good for short term, not long term memory
Mnemonics
● The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory
● What’s the order of operations in mathematics? PEMDAS
● What part of the brain is involved in memory?
Storage
● Information processing model
○ Sensory memory
○ Short term memory (STM)
■ Working memory (WM)
○ Long term memory (LTM)
● Each stage has a different capacity and duration
● WARNING: 3 stages are different from 3 processes
Sensory vs Short-term vs Working memories
● Sensory: briefly holds information for processing
○ Essentially, all stimuli that is perceived, becomes a sensory memory
■ If attend, sensory memories sent on the STMS
○ Capacity: extremely large (limitless?)
■ Duration ~ 2 seconds
● Short-term: stores specific information for limited amount of time (or while manipulating information)
○ Capacity: originally thought to be 5-9 items; now 3-5
○ Duration: 12-30 seconds without rehearsal
○ Moves to LTM with more attention, rehearsal, emotional/meaningful attachment, etc.
● Working memory: when you “do things” to what’s in your short term memory
○ Might say short term memory merely retains information, working memory retains and uses
■ Interestingly, this doesn’t guarantee info will be sent to long-term memory
Long-term memory
● LTM is usually what we think as memory
● Stores information for very long periods of time
● Very large storage capacity
○ Complex
● Types of LTM
○ Episodic (you first dance, what you did on your last birthday)
, ○ Procedural (how to dance, how to throw a baseball)
○ Semantic (what a dance is, your pet’s name)
● Explicit
○ Internationally try to remember
○ Consciously aware of doing
● Implicit
○ Unintentional recognition and influences
○ Priming/perceptual organization/conditioning
■ Perceptual organization: kind of like
amalgams of “memories”/”experiences”
that become these lenses you interpret the
world using
Serial Position
● Primacy
● Recency
Retrieval
● AKA remembering
● Types of retrieval
○ Recall
■ Pull directly from the mind -
reproduction
■ Deeper processing
■ More difficult
○ Recognition
■ Recognize whether it is correct
■ Shallower processing
■ Easier
● Transfer- appropriate processing: how well does encoding match retrieval processes?
● Context dependence:
○ Memory can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between learning and testing
environments
● State dependence:
○ Memory can be helped or hindered by a person’s internal state
Memory failure
● When does our memory fail us?
● Are memories always accurate?
● Memory alteration (confabulation): a neuropsychiatric disorder wherein a patient generates a false memory
without the intention of deceit
Flashbulb memories
● Memories for emotionally significant events that are more vivid than your everyday episodic memories
● Flashbulb memories are more durable and accurate than regular memories, but probably not perfect…
○ 1 year - report being in the living room, folding laundry
○ 3 years - in the bedroom ironing
○ 10 years - in the bedroom folding clothes
● Why do they occur?
○ Emotionally laden
○ May be more frequently rehearsed/retolf
○ Can be altered during retrieval
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