Class notes
Class notes for intro to psychology unit 2
- Course
- PBSI 107 (PBSI107)
- Institution
- Texas A&M University
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Chapter 10: Motivation and EmotionWhat is Motivation?
● Motivation
○ 1) the why (in regards to behavior)
○ 2) the how to increase the move towards one’s goal and to accomplish tasks
● Cannot be directly observed, just inferred
○ Biological: food, water, sex
○ Emotional: panic, fear, love, hatred
○ Cognitive: perceptions, beliefs, expectations
○ Social: peer pressure, other people’s reactions
Evolutionary Model
● Instincts: hardwired, automatic behavior
● Motivation is a product of automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses
● Ultimate goal: enhance survival (ourselves and our genes)
Optimal-Arousal Model
● Arousal: general level of activation
● Everyone has a peak performance level of arousal
○ Too much: anxiety
○ Too little: boredom
● Motivated to behave in ways to maintain optimal level of arousal
○ Individually based
● Explains some unnecessary actions
○ Curiosity, risk taking, etc.
Drive Reduction Model
● Motivation to balance biological needs
● Maintain homeostasis
○ Physiological Equilibrium
● Imbalance in homeostasis creates a
○ Need: biological requirement for well-being
○ Drive: Psychological state that provides motivation
○ Incentive: external object or event that motivates behavior
Other Types of Motivation
● Need to belong (affiliate)
○ Lack of belongingness leads to both physical and psychological problems
○ More health problems
○ Increased risk of suicide
● Need to achieve
○ Desire to do things well and overcome obstacles
○ Based on your current standing and your goals
Where does our motivation come from?
● Intrinsic
○ Motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards
● Extrinsic
○ Motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
,Hierarchical Model
● Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: needs at
lower level must first be met before you
can move to higher levels
Self-Actualization Theory: Transcendence
● Quick mediation
● Self actualization
○ Imagine: the best of the best, only
1% of humanity
○ “Being” and “Becoming”
○ Wanting to give back to humanity
■ World peace (or other
“higher” callings - like
your family or
community)
● Being comfortable with being
“uncomfortable”
● Peak experiences
Emotions
● What are emotions? Why do they matter? Do we treat them like they matter?
○ Do we engage in conversations about emotions like we engage in conversations about “logic” or
science/politics (and other practical matters)? Could you?
○ Do we pathologize emotions? Should we?
● How do you typically respond to them or use emotions in your day to day life?
○ Do they serve as a motivator?
Super Duper Important Academic Terms
● Mood: affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most
emotions
● Emotions: brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a
personally meaningful situation
● Affect: a variety of emotional phenomena
○ Valence and arousal level
Gender Differences in Emotion
● Gender differences in emotional response: inconsistency between experience and expressivity
○ Men experienced some emotions more intensely than women
■ Purely physiological (heart rate)
○ Women expressed their emotions more than men
■ Expression ≠ Experience
Gender and Emotion
● Men: can you or should you express emotion
○ “Be a man”
○ Soft emotions = less acceptable by other men
○ Hard emotions = les acceptable by women
○ Shut down = pure thought and logic
● Women: can or should you express emotion
○ Vulnerability more accepted but respect labels take a hit along the way
○ Hard emotions = sometimes more acceptable by some (strong women trope) but still less desirable
in dating
, ○ Soft emotions = sometimes less acceptable by some (needing a man trope), sometimes more
(bonding) and less desirable in business world
○ Shut down = conform to logic by slowly devaluating intuition
● Assume no one’s gender identity: these pathways can apply to anyone at different times in their life
Some Emotions Universal
● Are facial expressions of emotions universal?
○ Sadness
○ Happiness
○ Anger
○ Fear
○ Disgust
○ Surprise
○ Contempt
What is an Emotion?
● Self-Conscious emotions: types of emotion that require a sense of self, your culture, and the ability to
reflect on actions
○ Are those more difficult to identify (in others? in yourself?)
■ Shame
■ Guilt
■ Embarrassment
■ Pride (authentic vs hubristic)
● 1) emotion is usually temporary
○ Usually has a clear beginning and ending
● 2) emotion is valenced
○ Can be positive, negative, or a mixture of both
● 3) emotional experience alters thought processes
○ Shifting attention
■ Negative emotions narrow attention
■ Positive emotions widen attention
● 4) emotional experience triggers an action tendency
○ approach/avoidance
■ Negative emotions facilitate withdrawal/avoidance of objects
■ Positive emotions facilitate exploration/approach of objects
● 5) emotional experiences are passions that you feel
○ Often do not have much control
○ Although can be modified with thoughts
Elements of an Emotion
● Three elements of emotion
○ Physiology of emotion
■ How are you feeling?
● Fear
○ Goosebumps
○ Increased sweating
○ Dilated pupils
○ Increased heartbeat
○ Dry mouth
○ Behavior of emotion
■ Emotional expression
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