Exam (elaborations)
ANIMAL NUTRITION CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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ANIMAL NUTRITION CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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ANIMAL NUTRITION CHAPTER 3QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
What are the reasons for evaluating the nutritive value of feedstuffs? - ANSWER It is designed to
evaluate nutrient composition, palatability, digestibility, productive value, and physical or handling
characteristics, and can be used to make economic comparisons. It can also be useful in improving feed
harvesting methods so the highest quality feed for the animals obtain will yield the most profit.
Why were the Van Soest methods of forage analysis (Detergent Extraction Methods) developed? -
ANSWER Developed as a better means of better analyzing forages than the NFE-CF scheme i.e Nitrogen
free extract and crude fiber
Fodder - ANSWER Food, especially dried hay or feed, for cattle and other livestock
Forages - ANSWER is a plant material eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term forage has meant
only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also
used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or
silage.
What are the three types of analytical methods for determining nutrient composition? - ANSWER
Chemical procedures, biological procedures, and microbiological procedures.
What are the limitations of the NFE and CF? - ANSWER -The proximate scheme has limitations, especially
with the crude fiber and NFE fractions. Sometimes NFE is less digestible than CF.
-Low digestibility of the NFE is because hemicellulose and some lignin are dissolved in the weak acid and
alkali, both of which are used in the CF determination. Both are poorly digested and thus skew the
digestibility of the NFE. Because of this problem, predicting nutritive value from proximate analysis is a
problem, especially for forages. It is mainly utilized for grain for all species.
-CF not utilized for nonruminants as much as it is for ruminant species and is a tedious procedure.
Describe some of the "additional" uses for the Van Soest system - ANSWER -ADF is an indicator of forage
digestibility because there is a high negative correlation between digestibility and ADF. Heat damage
caused by improper ensiling of forages reduces the feed value of the forage. This is especially true of the
protein. A large percentage of the feed protein can be tied up and rendered unavailable
, Heat damage can be determined rather precisely by acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) method.
The forage is analyzed for ADF, total N and N in the ADF (both by Kjedahl)
The nitrogen found to be a part of the ADIN fraction is subtracted from the total protein content (total N)
to determine the amount of protein actually available to the animal.
Why is proper sampling procedure for feed testing so important? - ANSWER Proper sampling procedures
are necessary if analyses are to be meaningful and useful. Inaccurate sampling procedures may lead to
greater error than average analyses found in analysis tables.
How do you properly sample wet material? - ANSWER If feed sample is a wet material, seal in plastic bag
immediately and freeze if possible
Describe how to properly sample grain. - ANSWER For grain and mixed feeds, sampling with a grain
probe is most convenient and most accurate method of obtaining samples. A minimum of 5 cores should
be taken from various places in the bin or truck. These should be mixed thoroughly in a clean container.
Then take about a pint of the mix for a final sample.
Describe how to properly sample hay. - ANSWER Hay can be sampled most accurately by the use of a
forage sampler. Take enough samples to fill a half-gallon plastic bag. For hay bales, take core samples
from the ends of bales. For loose or chopped hay, take samples from random locations of the pile(s) or
stack(s). Samples will be easier to take with the sampler in the vertical position.
Describe how to properly sample silage. - ANSWER It may be necessary to sample the silage several
times during the feeding period. This is especially true if there is appreciable variation in the maturity,
variety, or date of cutting of the silage when harvested. In silos that have been opened, take 15 or more
double handfuls of silage from different locations, mix thoroughly and then take about one-half gallon
for analysis. In tower silos with mechanical unloaders, take samples as the silage is being unloaded.
Should samples be desired before silos are opened , dig into the top of the silo at 4 or 5 locations.
Spoiled and discolored silage should not be included.
Describe how to properly sample rations. - ANSWER Sampling of the complete ration as it goes into the
feed bunk can be useful in checking accuracy of ration formulation and/or uniformity of mixing. Ten or
more grab samples should be taken as the feed is being unloaded in the bunk rather than picking up
samples from the bunk.
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