NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) Exam Study
Guide
Intonation - answerthe way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - answerthe smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - answerdeveloped hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinati...
Intonation - answer✔✔the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - answer✔✔the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - answer✔✔developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - answer✔✔joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - answer✔✔sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - answer✔✔created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
independent (or main) clause - answer✔✔a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence
one-word stage - answer✔✔stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - answer✔✔stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their
circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - answer✔✔Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - answer✔✔sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together
(m)
gerund phrase - answer✔✔phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as
nouns)
connotation - answer✔✔the emotional association of a word
helping verb - answer✔✔verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - answer✔✔an individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal
analogies, and letter-word identification
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - answer✔✔an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition
phonetics - answer✔✔the study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - answer✔✔teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much
like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in
order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over
teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - answer✔✔a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - answer✔✔a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the
lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - answer✔✔the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - answer✔✔stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use
word combinations
early stage of literacy development - answer✔✔characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
intermediate fluency - answer✔✔fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences
and correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - answer✔✔a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - answer✔✔information that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - answer✔✔knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - answer✔✔indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a
test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - answer✔✔the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is
gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - answer✔✔a social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - answer✔✔language needed for academic
work and study
natural order hypothesis - answer✔✔one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that
language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - answer✔✔learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - answer✔✔when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
passive voice - answer✔✔a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - answer✔✔social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school
norm referenced - answer✔✔a test that measures students in comparison with other students of
the same age
integrative services - answer✔✔a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the
clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed
assistance
Lau v. Nichols - answer✔✔This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities;
the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the
language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - answer✔✔an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by
listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - answer✔✔a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning
sociolinguistics - answer✔✔the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - answer✔✔provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content
while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - answer✔✔1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation
as had only previously been given to African American students
infinitive phrase - answer✔✔a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
extrinsic motivation - answer✔✔motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - answer✔✔identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is
appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - answer✔✔the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like
phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles
clause - answer✔✔contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - answer✔✔a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in
Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - answer✔✔speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - answer✔✔student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - answer✔✔the belief that language only partially influences human thought
and action
WIDA - answer✔✔(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states
that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics
and language learning
thematic unit - answer✔✔integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - answer✔✔the noun a pronoun replaces
cloze procedure - answer✔✔the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading
comprehension activity
differentiation - answer✔✔providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs,
including learning styles and level
induction - answer✔✔process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they
acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial
and error
listening guides - answer✔✔statements or questions that provide instructional focus when
listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Thebright. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
