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Pathology Test Bank - Exam 1 Practice Questions with Latest Update
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Draw the following cells: A: Normal B: Atrophy C: Hyperplasia D: Hypertrophy E: Metaplasia F: Dysplasia - Answer- A 53-year-old woman with no prior illnesses has a routine checkup by her physician. On examination she has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If her hypertension remains un...

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  • August 15, 2024
  • 27
  • 2024/2025
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  • pathology test bank exam 1 practice questions wi
  • draw the following cells a normal

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Pathology Test Bank - Exam 1 Practice
Questions with Latest Update
.
Draw the following cells:
A: Normal
B: Atrophy
C: Hyperplasia
D: Hypertrophy
E: Metaplasia
F: Dysplasia - Answer-

A 53-year-old woman with no prior illnesses has a routine checkup by her physician. On
examination she has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If her hypertension remains
untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations would most likely be seen
in her myocardium?
A Apoptosis
B Dysplasia
C Fatty change
D Hemosiderosis
E Hyperplasia
F Hypertrophy
G Metaplasia - Answer-Answer: F
Reasoning: The pressure load on the left ventricle results in an increase in
myofilaments in the existing myofibers, so they enlarge. The result of continued stress
from hypertension is eventual heart failure with decreased contractility.
Extended reasoning: Apoptosis would lead to loss of cells and diminished size.
Dysplasia is not a diagnosis made for the heart. Hemosiderin deposition in the heart is a
pathologic process resulting from increased iron stores in the body. Though hyperplasia
from proliferation of myofibroblasts is possible, this does not contribute significantly to
cardiac size. Metaplasia of muscle does not occur, although loss of muscle occurs with
aging and ischemia as myofibers are replaced by fibrous tissue.

A 16-year-old boy sustained blunt trauma to his abdomen when he struck a bridge
abutment at high speed while driving a motor vehicle. Peritoneal lavage shows a
hemoperitoneum, and at laparotomy, a small portion of the left lobe of the injured liver is
removed. Two months later, a CT scan of the abdomen shows that the liver has nearly
regained its size before the injury. Which of the following processes best explains this
CT scan finding?
A Apoptosis
B Dysplasia
C Hyperplasia
D Hydropic change
E Steatosis - Answer-Answer: C

,Reasoning: The liver is one of the few organs in the human body that can partially
regenerate. This is a form of compensatory hyperplasia. The stimuli to hepatocyte
mitotic activity cease
when the liver has attained its normal size.
Extended reasoning: Hepatocytes can reenter the cell cycle and proliferate to
regenerate the liver; they do not just hypertrophy (increase in size). Apoptosis is single
cell death and frequently occurs with viral hepatitis. Dysplasia is disordered epithelial
cell growth that can be premalignant. Hydropic change, or cell swelling, does not
produce regeneration. Steatosis (fatty change) can lead to hepatomegaly, but not as a
regenerative process. It is the result of toxic/metabolic hepatocyte injury.

A 71-year-old man has had difficulty with urination, including hesitancy and increased
frequency, for the past 5 years. A digital rectal examination reveals that his prostate
gland is palpably enlarged to twice normal size. A transurethral resection of the prostate
is performed, and the microscopic appearance of the prostate "chips" obtained is that of
nodules of glands with intervening stroma. Which of the following pathologic processes
has most likely occurred in his prostate?
A Apoptosis
B Dysplasia
C Fatty change
D Hyperplasia
E Hypertrophy
F Metaplasia - Answer-Answer: D
Reasoning: BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)! Nodular prostatic hyperplasia (also
known as benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]) is a common condition in older men that
results from proliferation of both prostatic glands and stroma. The prostate becomes
more sensitive to androgenic stimulation with age. This is an example of pathologic
hyperplasia.
Extended reasoning: Apoptosis results in a loss of, not an increase in, cells. Dysplasia
refers to disordered epithelial cell growth and maturation. Fatty change in hepatocytes
may produce hepatomegaly. Although BPH is often called "benign prostatic
hypertrophy," this term is technically incorrect; it is the number of glands and stromal
cells that is increased, rather than the size of existing cells. A change in the glandular
epithelium to squamous epithelium around a prostatic infarct would be an example of
metaplasia.

A 29-year-old man sustains a left femoral fracture in a motorcycle accident. His leg is
placed in a plaster cast. After his left leg has been immobilized for 6 weeks, the
diameter of the left calf has decreased in size. This change in size is most likely to result
from which of the following alterations in his calf muscles?
A Aplasia
B Atrophy
C Dystrophy
D Hyalinosis
E Hypoplasia - Answer-.
Answer: B

, Reasoning: Reduced workload causes cell to shrink through loss of cell substance, a
process called atrophy. The cells are still present, just smaller.
Extended reasoning: Aplasia refers to lack of embryonic development; hypoplasia
describes poor or subnormal development of tissues. Dystrophy of muscles refers to
inherited disorders of skeletal muscles that lead to muscle fiber destruction, weakness,
and wasting. Hyaline change (hyalinosis) refers to a nonspecific, pink, glassy
eosinophilic appearance of cells.

A 34-year-old obese woman has experienced heartburn from gastric reflux for the past
5 years after eating large meals. She undergoes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and
a biopsy specimen of the distal esophagus is obtained. Which of the following
microscopic changes, seen in the figure, has most likely occurred?
A Columnar metaplasia
B Goblet cell hyperplasia
C Lamina propria atrophy
D Squamous dysplasia
E Mucosal hypertrophy - Answer-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Answer: A
Reasoning: Barrett's esophagus! Inflammation from reflux of gastric acid has resulted in
replacement of normal esophageal squamous epithelium by intestinal-type columnar
epithelium with goblet cells. Such conversion of one adult cell type to another cell type
is called metaplasia, and it occurs when stimuli reprogram stem cells.
Extended reasoning: Goblet cells are not normal constituents of the esophageal
mucosa, and they are a minor part of this metaplastic process. The lamina propria has
some inflammatory cells, but it does not atrophy. The squamous epithelium does not
become dysplastic from acid reflux, but the columnar metaplasia may progress to
dysplasia, not seen here, if the abnormal stimuli continue. These cells are not
significantly increased in size (hypertrophic).

A 22-year-old woman becomes pregnant. A fetal ultra- sound examination at 13 weeks'
gestation shows her uterus measures 7 × 4 × 3 cm. At delivery of a term infant, her
uterus measures 34 × 18 × 12 cm. Which of the following cellular processes has
contributed most to the increase in her uterine size?
A Endometrial glandular hyperplasia
B Myometrial fibroblast proliferation
C Endometrial stromal hypertrophy
D Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
E Vascular endothelial hyperplasia - Answer-.
.
Answer: D

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