ECU EHST 2110 Exam 1 & 2 Questions
and Answers (Graded A)
Population - ANSWER - individuals of the same species living together within a given area
Community - ANSWER - different organisms are not randomly scattered, but live in together in
an orderly manner;
changes in #'s of one species within a community can have major consequences to the whole
community
Ecosystems - ANSWER - Functional units of nature in which living organisms interact with each
other and with the
non-living components of their environment to process energy and cycle nutrients
Example of Ecosystem - ANSWER - Cow pasture, salt marsh, city park, etc.
Population dynamics - ANSWER - The study of ecological principles that govern the ways in
which populations change in size
Biotic Potential - ANSWER - maximum achievable growth rate with unlimited space in the
absence of limiting factors (disease, predation, food supply)
Environmental Resistance - ANSWER - measured difference between biotic potential of a
population and the actual observed rate of growth
S - Curve - ANSWER - Lag Phase - Slow Growth
Dramatic increase in population
Birth and Death rates are balanced and
# births = # deaths
J - Curve - ANSWER - Lag Phase - Slow Growth to start
,Population declines can be associated with the
presence of _______ , _______ , and __________ - ANSWER - war, famine and disease
Bubonic plague - ANSWER - Reached Europe in 1348, killed
25% of population in 2 years, 50% of England's population in later years
30 years war (1618-1648) - ANSWER - 33% of Germany and Bohemian
population killed
population increases at rapid rates up to or above the carrying capacity, environmental
resistance becomes effective only at last moment
Frequently leads to population crashes (algal blooms / red tides)
Homeostatic Controls - ANSWER - Self-regulating factors (behavioral, physiological, & social
responses) that are important for controlling population size
Snowshoe hares in Canada experience population crashes every ___ - ___ years (not
predation, hunting or disease)- stress induced degeneration of liver-convulsions, coma, death -
ANSWER - 9 - 10
Human Population Growth - ANSWER - Exponential growth during the 20th century
The peak global growth rate was during the - ANSWER - 1970's
World Population Growth - ANSWER - Intensive efforts after World War II to improve living
standards and ensure national stability are being nullified by rapid population growth.
Thomas Malthus - ANSWER - Population, when unchecked, increases by a geometric ratio
(2,4,8,16...) while subsistence increases by an arithmetic ratio (1,2,3,4...)
Resource limits cause bouts of famine, war, and disease, leading to majority of world's
population with marginal standard of living
, Doubling Time - ANSWER - period of time in which a population doubles in size- good measure
of growth
Producers - ANSWER - green plants that convert sun's energy into food energy
• Terrestrial plants and conifers
• Aquatic - diatoms, microflagellates, and green algae
Consumers - ANSWER - animals including herbivores and secondary consumers such as
carnivores
Decomposers - ANSWER - primarily bacteria and fungi, some insects. Recycle detritus back
into soil where it is once again available for use by primary organisms
Human population "surges" - ANSWER - 1) 600,000 years ago (development of culture)
2) 8000 BC (agricultural revolution)
3) AD 1800 (industrial/medical/scientific revolution) ex/ Smallpox vaccine (Edward Jenner, 1796)
Birth Rate - ANSWER - # babies born per 1000 people per year
Where is the highest / lowest Birth Rates? - ANSWER - Highest = Congo (46)
Lowest = Japan (9)
Death Rate - ANSWER - # deaths per 1000 people per year
Death rates are bound to be higher in ________ ________ - ANSWER - older populations
Total Fertility Rate - ANSWER - average # children per mother during reproductive lifetime
Growth Rate - ANSWER - (rate of natural increase) difference between birth rate and death rate
expressed as a percentage out of 100
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