Implication correct answers Where the conclusion is made based of the stimulus
Operation correct answers Find an answer choice that would do something to the info in the stimulus
Characterization correct answers Describe an aspect of the info in the stimulus
Types of conjunctions correct a...
Contrapositive correct answers To take the contrapositive. Flip and negate both sides. and-->or
(and) or-->and
Inverse Fallacy correct answers Negating both the sufficient and necessary conditions without
flipping
Converse Fallacy correct answers Flipping the sufficient and necessary conditions without
negating
What do you do with "neither..nor" correct answers Negate Sufficient and necessary and use an
"&" in-between
If and Only If correct answers A bi-conditional statement that requires both sufficient and
necessary (double arrow)
Unless correct answers "If not" --> Negate the statement right after unless and make it the
sufficient condition
, No correct answers Negate the statement after the no "no torpedo"
Reminder about "No" correct answers If you see a "no" and an "and," it would be diagrammed as
an "or" with the necessary condition being negated.
Transitive Property correct answers If a=b
and b=c
then a=c.
If the necessary condition matches a sufficient condition of another statement.
Usually the answer will be the contrapositive of the transitive property
If it looks like a conditional correct answers If it looks like a conditional and you don't see a
trigger word, try putting an "all" before it then see if you can diagram.
"Not both" Statement correct answers Use an "or" to diagram
both= "or"
nor= "and"
Falsify correct answers To falsify:
Keep the sufficient condition
Negate the necessary condition
- You may see an answer choice that has additional information. Make sure you have the
sufficient and the negated necessary condition.
Logical Force correct answers Modality and Quantification
Useful for implication questions.
Rule: Conclusions can only be supported by premises of equal or greater strength.
Modality correct answers The degree of necessity that is expressed by a proposition.
AKA: How certain are we that something will occur
Weak Modality correct answers Possibility (More than a 0% chance)
Words: may, could, might, can, occasionally,
Moderate Modality correct answers Probability (More than a 50% chance) (More likely true than
not)
Words: probably, likely, usually
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