Exam 2: NSG316 / NSG 316 (Latest Update ) Health Assessment Exam | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - GCU Question: Flaccidity Answer: Decreased muscle tone or hypotonia; muscle feels limp, soft, and flabby; muscle is weak and easily fatigued; limb feels like a rag doll. Lower motor neuron injury anywhere from the anterior horn cell in the spinal cord to the peripheral nerve (peripheral neuritis, poliomy Question: Spasticity Answer: Increased tone or hypertonia; increased resistance to passive lengthening; then may suddenly give way (clasp -knife phenomenon) like a pocket knife sprung open Upper motor neuron injury to corticospinal motor tract (e.g., paralysis with stroke develops spasticity days or weeks after incident) Question: Rigidity Answer: Constant state of resistance (lead -pipe rigidity); resists passive movement in any direction; dystonia Injury to extrapyramidal motor tracts (e.g., basal ganglia with parkinsonism) Question: Cogwheel rigidity Answer: Type of rigidity in which the increased tone is released by degrees during passive range of motion so it feels like small, regular jerks Parkinsonism Question: Patterns of Motor System Dysfunction: Cerebral palsy Answer: Mixed group of paralytic neuromotor disorders of infancy and childhood; due to damage to cerebral cortex from a developmental defect, intrauterine meningitis or encephalitis, birth trauma, anoxia, or kernicterus. Question: Patterns of Motor System Dysfunction: Muscular dystrophy Answer: Chronic, progressive wasting of skeletal musculature, which produces weakness, contractures, and in severe cases respiratory dysfunction and death. Onset of symptoms in childhood. Many types; most severe is Duchenne dystrophy, characterized by the waddling gait in Table 24.6. Question: Patterns of Motor System Dysfunction: Hemiplegia Answer: Damage to corticospinal tract (stroke). UMN damage occurs above the pyramidal decussation crossover; thus motor impairment is on contralateral (opposite) side. Initially flaccid when lesion is acute; later the muscles become spastic, and abnormal reflexes appear. Characteristic posture: arm —
shoulder adducted, elbow flexed, wrist pronated, leg extended; face —
weakness only in lower muscles. Hyperreflexia and possible clonus on the involved side; loss of corneal and cremasteric reflexes; positive Babinski and Hoffman reflexes.
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