Combined Immunology HMX
______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another - Answer- Transplantation
_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one individual to another - Answer- Transfusion
_________________ transplant ...
the most polymorphic genes in our entire genome ar
the antigens on red blood cells include
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Combined Immunology HMX
Combined Immunology HMX
Combined Immunology HMX
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Combined Immunology HMX
______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to
another - Answer- Transplantation
_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one
individual to another - Answer- Transfusion
_________________ transplant is the most common transplantation - Answer-
kidney
_____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion - Answer- red
blood cell
Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not inherit.
This means individuals will have different proteins based on these different genes.
These differences are called ______________________ - Answer- polymorphisms
In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then there
might be a difference in proteins between each person. So, when an organ is
transplanted, the recipient's immune system can detect the transplanted cells as
non-self and lead an attack against them. This attack involves ________________
and ____ cells and is called an ___________________ ________________
_______________ - Answer- antibodies
T cells
allogeneic immune response
The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after
transplantation cause inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign invader,
like a microbe. This leads to injury/death of the implanted organ. This is called
_________________ _______________ - Answer- transplant rejection
The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the
_____________________ ___________________ _________________ genes. -
Answer- major histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes)
MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins -
Answer- DP
DQ
DR
MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ -
Answer- A
B
C
,If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal
functioning versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over
______________ alleles - Answer- 5,000
HLA-B has over _______________ alleles - Answer- 2,500
_______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation - Answer- MHC
______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one
person to another - Answer- RBCs
The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or
_________ - Answer- A
B
AB
O
If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have antibodies
that recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has natural ______
antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has antibodies that recognize
the ______ antigen. Type O has antibodies that recognize the ________ and
_______ antigen. Type AB has _________ antibodies - Answer- IgM
B
A
A
B
neither
If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can cause
trouble. For example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B, then the
recipient with type B (who has antibodies against type A) will cause the destruction
of type A blood either by ___________________ activation or _________________.
This is called a ____________________ ________________ - Answer- complement
phagocytosis
transfusion reaction
Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important for
transplant compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary mediators of
transplant rejection.
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. macrophages
4. neutrophils - Answer- 2. T lymphocytes
,A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could
choose from several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case.
Who is the donor?
1. the patient's twin brother
2. the patient's spouse
3. the patient's son
4. the patient - Answer- 4. the patient
Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with
transfusion reactions? (select two answers)
To predict the chances of transplant rejection, three HLA proteins are the most
important: __________, ___________ and __________ - Answer- HLA-A
HLA-B
DR
___________ ____________ is used to reduce chances of rejection. We can match
proteins of the donor and recipient to see if the recipient has similar proteins as the
donor. Identical proteins are usually found amongst _______________. If there is
not a sibling donor with a perfect match, then we can try to find someone who at
least shares some MHC genes. - Answer- HLA matching
siblings
If some genes are different, there will be an immune response against those HLA
proteins which can lead to rejection. To treat the potential of rejection, we can treat
the patient with ______________________ drugs. - Answer- immunosuppressive
The most common immunosuppressive drugs that block the T cell response after T
cells bind to the antigen are called ____________________
_____________________. The most common of these drugs is
________________________ - Answer- calcineurin inhibitors
Cyclosporin
, Normally, after T cell activation, the T cell releases cytokines which bind to the T
cell's interleukin 2 receptor. The most common immunosuppressive drug that blocks
activation from the ______________________ ____ receptor is
_____________________ - Answer- interleukin 2
Rapamycin
There are drugs that are antibodies that are given to transplant recipients that bind to
molecules on the surface of activated T cells and lead to their death. These are
____________________ _____________________ _____________________ -
Answer- lymphocyte depleting antibodies
Type ________ has neither A nor B antigens and therefore can give blood to any
blood type because the recipient will have antibodies that cannot kill red blood cells
with no antigens. This is the __________________ ________________ - Answer- O
universal donor
______________ ________________ starts with taking blood of a potential recipient
and asking what antibodies are present in the patient's serum that might bind to the
blood of a donor. Then, we can look at the blood of potential donors with different
antigens on their surface. In a lab, we can see if the mixture of a recipient's serum
and donor's blood cells __________________. If this happens, we know it is not a
good match. If a donor does not have antigens that would be killed by the recipients
antibodies then we have a ________________ _______________
_______________ - Answer- Cross matching
agglutinate
positive cross match
Cross matching can be done on _________________ (which have HLA molecules
on their surface, unlike RBCs) as well - Answer- leukocytes
Some individuals who undergo chemotherapy for cancer require a hematopoietic
stem cell (HSC) transplant after therapy, because the therapy can eliminate the
HSCs in the bone marrow. Consider the following scenarios:
Self: an individual receives a transplant of her own HSCs that were harvested before
she initiated chemotherapy.
Identical Twin: an individual receives an HSC transplant from her identical twin.
Parent: an individual receives an HSC transplant from one of her parents.
Cousin: an individual receives an HSC transplant from a first cousin (a parent's
sibling's child).
Recall that HSC transplantation is colloquially known as a "bone marrow transplant".
Assume that HLA matching is not performed in any of these scenarios. Given this
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