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Latest SyllabusBIOLOGY
The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommended the following syllabus for NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY
CUM ENTRANCE TEST for admission to MBBS/BDS courses across the country after review of various
State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish uniformity across
the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in Medical Education.
S. No. CLASS XI CLASS XII
1. Diversity in Living World Reproduction
2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Genetics and Evolution
Plants
3. Cell Structure and Function Biology and Human Welfare
4. Plant Physiology Biotechnology and Its Applications
5. Human physiology Ecology and environment
CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS
Unit I : Diversity in Living World
What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics;
Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy
– Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into
major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two
examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and
examples).
Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to
classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
Unit II : Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering
plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt
along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)
Unit III : Cell Structure and Function
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant
cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function;
Endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria,
ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and
function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins,
carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.
B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
Unit IV : Plant Physiology
Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis;
Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure
and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral
nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief
mention).
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, ... contd.
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency
symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral
nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take
place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic
phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic
hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle
and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated;
Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate;
Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of
developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene,
ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.
Unit V : Human Physiology
Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and
gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins,
carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional
and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in
humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases
and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma,
Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;
Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system- Structure of human heart
and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac
activity; Disorders of circulatory system- Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris,
Heart failure.
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism,
uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation;
Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes
insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi,
Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle-
contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with
the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system
Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous
system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of
nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system
RHypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of
hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and
hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism,
goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
Unit I : Reproduction
Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation
of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary
fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female
gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo,
Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony;
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