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ARDMS Breast Registry Review Exam Questions and Answers
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ARDMS Breast Registry ReviewExam Questions and Answers
Artifact - -An echo feature present or absent in a sonographic image that
does not correspond to the presence or absence of a real structure. Eg.
enhancement or shadowing.
-Attenuation - -The reduction of intensity (and amplitude) of a sound wave
as it travels through a material. Attenuation is due to absorption, reflection,
and scattering.
-Complex - -A structure in the body that contains both cystic and solid
components.
-Echogenic - -A structure or medium that produces echoes.
-Edge Shadowing - -Decreased echo amplitude distal to the edge of a
structure. This artifact results from refraction of the sound beam.
-Enhancement - -Increased echo amplitude returning from regions lying
beyond an object that causes little or no attenuation of the sound beam
(typically a cystic structure). This artifact results in a brighter than normal
appearance.
-Heterogeneous - -A structure that has an uneven texture (hypoechoic and
hyperechoic echoes throughout). Synonym - non-uniform.
-Homogeneous - -Smooth uniform texture
-Ipsilateral - -On the same side.
-Contrlateral - -On the opposite side.
-Isoechoic - -Same echogenicity as another structure or the surrounding
tissue.
-Noise - -Spurious echoes throughout the image.
-Real-time - -The scanning and display of sonographic images at a
sufficiently rapid rate so that moving structures can be seen to move at their
natural rate. ***Frame rates of 15 frames per second or greater are
considered real time***
, -Reverberation - -Artifact causing linear echoes parallel to a strong
interface. Sound "bounces"
-Ring Down - -Reverb in which numerous parallel echoes are seen for a
considerable distance. E.g. a biopsy needle.
-Sensitivity - -The ability to diagnose disease in a patient when disease is
present.
-Texture - -The pattern of echoes seen from a mass or area of interest in
the body.
-Refractive Edge Shadowing - -Bending of a sound beam and loss of sound
energy causing a shadow.
-Mid level gray corresponds to _____ in the breast. - -Fat
-Hyperechoic describes what three structures visualized in breast
sonography. - -Fibroglandular tissue, Cooper's Ligament, Skin
-What frequency transducer is optimal for breast imaging? - -7.0-15.0 MHz
is optimal for superior axial and lateral resolution while maintaining
penetration to the chest wall. It should also be BROADBAND.
-Fixed elevation focusing represents.... - -Focusing along the short axis of
the transducer.
-What design of transducer is used in breast imaging? - -Linear array is
optimal
-The advantage of a rectangular image over a sector image is the avoidance
of what artifact? - -Beam divergence
-Interventional procedures are more accurately guided with a _______
__________ probe. - -Linear array
-When is a curved array transducer used in breast imaging? - -Pathology too
large to fit on linear image
-Most linear transducers in breast sonography are ______ arrays. - -1-D
-1-D arrays offer a fixed focus in the ________ plan (short axis) - -Elevation
-1.5-D matrix array transducers have multiple elements along the _____ axis
of the probe. - -Short
, -1.5-D arrays offer some electronic focusing in the __________ plane. - -
Elevation
-2-D array transducers are not currently _________. - -available
-Imaging depth should penetrate the chest wall-- ___ to ___ cm should be
adequate - -3, 6
-An echo's brightness is controlled by ______ - -gain
-Know overall gain, TGC, and output power - -This is ultrasound elementary.
-If your image is too bright decrease the ______________. - -Output power
-If your image is too dark increase the ____________. - -Receiver gain
-__________ focal zones are recommended for breast imaging. - -Multiple
-Multiple focal zones will decrease what? - -Frame rate
-a 7-12 MHz probe must be used to obtain an elevation focus depth of ____
to _____ cm. - -1,2
-10 MHz = _____ cm elevation plane focus - -1.5
-____________ (artifact) decreases contrast resolution and spatial resoution
(both axial and lateral). Places unwanted echoes in cysts. - -Volume
averaging
-_______ __________ is more sensitive to low velocity flow and offers angle
independence. - -Power Doppler
-Three reasons Doppler is useful: - -(1)Solid vs Cystic
(2)Inflammed vs Non-Inflammed
(3)Complicated Cyst vs Complex Cyst vs Intraductal Papilloma
-To optimize Doppler for breast imaging (4 things) - -(1) Low velocity scale
(2) Low filter setting
(3) Optimal Doppler gain setting
(4) Increased PRF for high velocities
-Uses compounding technique to combine ultrsound lines acquired from
different scanning directions (angles). Improves tissue differentiation, margin
visualization, and internal architecture creating a "smoother" more realistic
image. - -Spatial compounding
, -What are the advantages (2) and disadvantages (2) of spatial
compounding? - -Advantages:
-Clears cysts
-Reduces speckle and other noise artifacts (clutter)
Disadvantages
-Reduces acoustic enhancement and shadowing artifact
-Subject to blurring
-A diagnostic methof that evaluates the elastic properties of tissue. Breast
tissues vibrate differently based on their firmness. - -Elastography
-Breast elastography may have the potential to differentiate benign from
malignant breast tumors (BIRADS 3 from BIRADS 4 lesions) and potential
reduce the number of __________. - -Biopsies
-List the 6 anatomic layers from anterior to posterior. - -1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous aka Premammary Layer
3. Mammary Layer
4. Retromammary Space
5. Muscle Layers (Pectoralis major m, and Pectoralis minor m.)
6. Chest Wall (Ribs and Intercostal muscles)
-What is the normal thickness of the skin layer?**** - -0.5 to 2mm ****
-The breast skin is slightly thicker in ______ females and thins with ______. - -
young, age
-Area that consists of dense connective tissue and erectile muscle, contains
many sensory nerve endings, and has _________ collecting duct openings. - -
Nipple, 15-20
-The areola consists of _______ muscle. - -Smooth
-These sebaceous glands are found in the areola. - -Montgomery glands.
-The premammary layer primarily consists of ________. - -fat
-The premammary layer is not seen where? - -Posterior to the nipple.
-The amount of fat in the premammary layer increases with ______, _______,
and _______. - -Age, pregnancy, obesity.
-_________ __________ appear as prominent structures within the
subcutaneous (premammary) layer. - -Cooper's ligaments.
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