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NCTI END DIDACTIC STUDY GUIDE
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NCTI END DIDACTIC STUDY GUIDEStimulation of glottis associated with intubation can cause _________ and increase
_______. - Answer- dysrhythmias; ICP
When preparing to use succinylcholine, what medication can be administered first in
order to decrease the incidence of bradycardia? - Answer- atropine
What are three signs of adequate paralysis? - Answer- apnea, laxity of mandible, and
loss of eyelash reflex
If intubation is not successful within 30 seconds, stop and ventilate for ______ to
________ seconds? - Answer- 30 to 60
Pediatrics have heads that are proportionally _______ than that of an adult; similarly, in
trauma _________ is the leading cause of death in pediatrics. - Answer- larger; TBI
In pediatrics, the narrowest part of airway is at level of _____________ below vocal
cords. - Answer- cricoid cartilage
In pediatrics, abdominal organs are situated more _________, so they're less protected
by ribs and closer together than adults. Liver and spleen are relatively large and extend
below ___________ in young children. - Answer- anteriorly; rib cage
In children the ____________ and ____________ are likely to be damaged in
handlebar injuries. - Answer- duodenum; pancreas
Bones in children are ___________ than ligaments/tendons, making fractures more
common than ___________. - Answer- weaker; sprains
In pediatrics, the chest wall is _________ (compared to that of an adult), and has
__________ musculature and subcutaneous fat to protect ribs and organs. - Answer-
thinner; less
Children have ___________ skin, __________ body surface area/weight ratio and less
fatty tissue; this contributes to ___________ risk of injury due to temperature extremes -
Answer- thinner; larger; increased
In geriatrics, vital capacity __________ and residual volume __________, so proportion
of air used in gas exchange __________. - Answer- decreases; increases; declines
What two main factors account for the increased risk of aspiration in geriatrics? -
Answer- decreased cough and gag reflex
, In geriatrics, the heart ______________ in response to chronically increase
___________ imposed by stiffened vessels. - Answer- hypertrophies (enlarges);
afterload
What occurs when aortic valve thickens which obstructs blood flow from left ventricle? -
Answer- aortic sclerosis
What are the two most common cause of visual disturbances in geriatrics? - Answer-
cataracts and glaucoma
What is the leading cause of death from infection in people over 65 years of age? -
Answer- pneumonia
Where does neural control of breathing originate? - Answer- in the brainstem (medulla
oblongata and pons)
What connects the medulla to the respiratory center? - Answer- the vagus nerve
What is the secondary center for ventilation if the medulla fails? - Answer- the apneustic
pons
Where are the three sets of chemoreceptors that affect respiratory function? - Answer-
in the carotid bodies, in the aortic arch, and the central chemoreceptors (in the medulla)
The process of loading O2 molecules into hemoglobin molecules in bloodstream. -
Answer- oxygenation
The process of exchanging O2 and CO2, allows body means of providing cells with O2
and disposing of waste. - Answer- respiration
The process of exchanging O2 and Co2 between alveoli and blood in pulmonary
capillaries. - Answer- external respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic circulation and cells of body (aka
cellular respiration). - Answer- internal respiration
Patients with COPD have difficulty eliminating CO2 thru exhalation, thus always have
higher levels of CO2. The __________ stimulates breathing when O2 levels
_________, instead of when CO2 levels rise. - Answer- hypoxic drive; fall
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is a classic sign of what? - Answer- left-sided
heart failure
The amount of air moved in/out of respiratory tract during one breath. - Answer- tidal
volume
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