Robbins Chapter 2 Exam All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution
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Robbins Chapter 2
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Robbins Chapter 2
Four aspects of a disease process - Etiology - cause
Pathogenesis- biochemical/molecular mechanisms of its development
Morphologic changes- structural alterations in cells/organ
Clinical manifestaions--functional conseqences of these changes
Adaptation - Reversible changes in the size, number, ...
Robbins Chapter 2 Four aspects of a disease process - ✔✔ Etiology - cause Pathogenesis - biochemical/molecular mechanisms of its development Morphologic changes - structural alterations in cells/organ Clinical manifestaions --functional conseqences of these changes Adaptation - ✔✔ Reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of cells in response to change in their environment Hypertrophy --uterus in pregnancy Hyperplasia --endometrium from estrogen Atrophy --muscle disuse Metaplasia --goblet cells in barrett esophagus Hypertrophy - ✔✔ Increase in size of cells that results in increase in size of affected organ NO NEW CELLS, just larger ones Requires gene activation, protein synthesis and new organelles --increased production of cellular proteins Occurs in tissue incapable of cell divison Often in response to increased workload Atrial natriuertic factor - ✔✔ Expressed in embryonic heart and associated with cardiac hypertrophy Causes salt secretion by the kidney, decreases blood volume and pressure --reduces hemodynamic load Hyperplasia - ✔✔ An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus Occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide or contain lots of tissue stem cells Physiologic hyperplasia - ✔✔ Due to hormones or growth factors To increase function or hormone sensitive organs (breasts at puberty) or to compensate after damage/resection (grow liver tissue or bone marrow) Pathologic hyperplasia - ✔✔ Excessive/inappropriate hormone or growth factor actions Hyperplasia of endometria l galnds if estorgen/progesterone levels are disturbed Benign prostate hyperplasia induced by androgens Resopnse to viral infections such as papillomaviruses --hyperplastic epithlium causes warts and lesions DISTINCT from cancer but makes cancer more lik ely Atrophy - ✔✔ Decreased in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decreas in cell size and number Associated with decreased synthesis of cellular building blocks and increased breakdown of cellular organelles Physiologic --loss of notochord/thyrogloss al duct during fetal development
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