nr 602 primary care of the childbearing and childrearing family
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Chamberlain College NR602 Final Study Guide 1
NR 602 Final Exam Study Guide
NR 602 -Primary Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing
Family
Chamberlain College of Nursing
,Chamberlain College NR602 Final Study Guide 2
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Eye Disorders Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which one or both eyes do
not develop normal vision due to various factors that cause the visual part of
the brain to function abnormally. This weakens the eye and can lead to long-
term vision problems. If recognized early, amblyopia generally responds well
to treatment. Amblyopia therapy can include glasses, patching, eye drops, and
sometimes surgery. Click here to learn more about amblyopia.
Astigmatism-Farsightedness-Nearsightedness
These three conditions, or refractive errors, are the most common eye
problems in children and adults and are most often caused by abnormalities in
the surface of the eye that prevent light from properly being focused on the
retina. Click here to learn more about these refractive errors.
Childhood Tearing/Epiphora
Epiphora is the term for excessive tearing. Childhood epiphora is often noted
soon after birth, but can be acquired later. When noted during infancy, it is
usually due to blockage of the tear drainage system. This type of tearing often
improves spontaneously by 6 to 12 months of age. Medical treatment includes
tear sac massage and eye drops, but if tearing persists, surgical probing of
the drainage system may be required. Other rare causes of childhood tearing
include pediatric glaucoma and ocular surface diseases.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is vision loss due to any abnormality of the
visual center in the brain. The eyes are normal, but the visual interpretation
center in the brain does not function properly and prevents normal vision.
Developmental Abnormalities
During development of the fetus, abnormalities in the visual system can occur.
Some developmental abnormalities include coloboma, microphthalmia (small
eye), and optic nerve hypoplasia. These abnormalities often result in vision
loss.
Double Vision
Double vision (diplopia) is typically caused by misalignment of the eyes
(strabismus), which causes one to see an object in two different places at the
same time. The object can be displaced in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
fashion. Double vision can result from many conditions and should be
evaluated at the time of onset. Treatment for double vision can include prism
glasses, strabismus surgery, or Botox injections.
Genetic Eye Disease
Many eye diseases have a known genetic abnormality. These diseases are
often inherited and frequently there are other family members who have had
the disease. In cases of known inherited eye disease in the family, early
evaluation is important. The Dean McGee Eye Institute has an ophthalmic
genetic counselor who routinely sees patients in the clinic.
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. The eye
movements can be side-to-side, up and down, or rotary. Nystagmus may be
present at birth or acquired later in life. It may result from abnormal binocular
fixation early in life, and may also accompany a number of eye disorders and
neurological diseases.
Pediatric Cataract
A cataract is a cloudiness or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye.
Depending on the size and location, the cataract can interfere with light
passing to the retina and cause blurred vision. Cataracts are typically
associated with older adults, but cataracts can occur at birth or during
childhood. Early detection and treatment of cataracts are critical in infants
and young children in order to restore normal visual development. A white area
in the pupil and misalignment of the eye can be a sign of cataract.
Pediatric cataracts that significantly obstruct vision require surgery. Patients
subsequently require treatment with eyeglasses, bifocals, or contact lenses,
and eye-patching. Often, pediatric cataracts result in some degree of lazy eye
(amblyopia) and strabismus as well.
Pediatric Glaucoma
,Chamberlain College NR602 Final Study Guide 3
Glaucoma is a condition that is associated with high pressure within the eye.
This pressure can damage the optic nerve, which is critical for vision, resulting
in permanent vision loss. Pediatric glaucoma is a rare condition that can
present in the newborn or during childhood. Signs and symptoms of pediatric
glaucoma include cloudy corneas, tearing, frequent blinking, light sensitivity,
and redness of the eye.
Pediatric Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid, occurs in both children and adults.
Children can be born with ptosis (congenital) or acquire it during childhood.
Neurological diseases can also trigger it.
Ptosis is caused by weakness in the muscle that elevates the eyelid. A droopy
eyelid can block light passing to the retina in the back of the eye and/or create
significant astigmatism that produces a blurry image in the affected eye.
These situations cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and, if untreated, can result in
permanent loss of vision. In addition, children may develop a chin-up head
position due to the droopy eyelid. If the ptosis is significant, surgical
correction may be necessary.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that occurs in some
premature infants. It results from abnormal development of the blood vessels
in the retina. ROP is progressive, starting with mild changes and sometimes
progressing to severe, sight-threatening changes. Most infants with ROP
improve spontaneously, but some develop severe changes that require laser
treatment or injections of medicine into the eye.
Complications of ROP can include strabismus (eye misalignment), myopia
(nearsightedness), cataract, and, in severe cases, blindness from retinal
detachment. Premature infants at risk of ROP are identified in the hospital and
enrolled in a routine screening protocol.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus is the term for misalignment of the eyes in which an eye may be
turned inward, outward, upward, or downward. Strabismus in children can
result in lazy eye (amblyopia) and cause permanent loss of vision if treatment
is delayed. Adults and older children often experience double vision (diplopia).
Depending on the type and cause of the strabismus, treatment may include
eyeglasses, prisms, surgery, Botox injection, or eye-patching therapy. Click
here to learn more about strabismus.
Musculoskelet
al injuries
Asses/TX
Rashes/Derm Common skin conditions are grouped into the following categories:
atologic • Fungal Infections
• Viral Skin Infections
• Viral Exanthems (Rashes)
• Parasitic Skin Infections
Mongoliam Mongolian spots (MS) are congenital birthmarks seen most commonly over the
Spots lumbosacral area. They are bluish-green to black in color and oval to irregular
in shape. They are most commonly found in individuals of African or Asian
ethnic background.
Lead There is no safe level of lead exposure in children, with lasting decreases in
Poisoning cognition documented in children with blood levels as low as 5 micrograms
per deciliter of lead in blood. At that level, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention recommends evaluation and intervention. However, all
elevated lead levels are a concern. There is no safe level.
Most children with elevated lead levels are asymptomatic. As the lead levels
rise, children may complain of non-specific symptoms such as headaches,
, Chamberlain College NR602 Final Study Guide 4
abdominal pain, loss of appetite or constipation. Children with signs of
clumsiness, agitation, or decreased activity and drowsiness may be showing
signs of central nervous system (CNS) involvement that may rapidly
proceed to vomiting, stupor, and convulsions. Symptomatic lead toxicity
must be treated as an emergency.
Lead also has important nonneurodevelopmental effects. The kidneys are
common targets, and children exposed to lead are at significantly greater risk
of becoming hypertensive adults. Lead also interferes with the body's ability
to use the vital nutrients vitamin D and iron. Exposure has been linked to
delayed growth.
Headaches
Headaches in children are common and usually aren't serious. Like adults, children can
develop different types of headaches, including migraines or stress-related (tension)
headaches. Children can also have chronic daily headaches.
In some cases, headaches in children are caused by an infection, high levels of stress or
anxiety, or minor head trauma. It's important to pay attention to your child's headache
symptoms and consult a doctor if the headache worsens or occurs frequently.
Headaches in children usually can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications and
healthy habits
such as a regular schedule for sleeping and eating.
Migraine
Migraines can cause:
• Pulsating, throbbing or pounding head pain
• Pain that worsens with exertion
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Extreme sensitivity to light and sound
Even infants can have migraines. A child who's too young to tell you what's
wrong may cry and hold his or her head to indicate severe pain.
Tension-type headache
Tension-type headaches can cause:
• A pressing tightness in the muscles of the head or neck
• Mild to moderate, nonpulsating pain on both sides of the head
• Pain that's not worsened by physical activity
• Headache that's not accompanied by nausea or vomiting, as is often
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