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Basic Immunology 5th Edition Abbas Test BankAbbas: Basic Immunology, 5th Edition
Chapter 01: Introduction to the Immune System
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The principal function of the immune system is:
A. Defense against cancer
B. Repair of injured tissues
C. Defense against microbial infections
D. Prevention of inflammatory diseases
E. Protection against environmental toxins
ANS: C
The immune system has evolved in the setting of selective pressures imposed by microbial
infections. Although immune responses to cancer may occur, the concept that
“immunosurveillance” against cancer is a principal function of the immune system is
controversial. Repair of injured tissues may be a secondary consequence of the immune
responses and inflammation. Although the immune system has regulatory features that are
needed to prevent excessive inflammation, prevention of inflammatory diseases is not a primary
function. The immune system can protect against microbial toxins, but it generally does not offer
protection against toxins of nonbiolNogUicRoSriI n.GTB.COM
giN
2. Which of the following infectious diseases was prevented by the first successful vaccination?
A. Polio
B. Tuberculosis
C. Smallpox
D. Tetanus
E. Rubella
ANS: C
In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intentional successful vaccination, which was against
smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox pustules of a milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox
was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a vaccination program. Effective vaccines against
tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and poliovirus were developed in the 20th century and are widely
used. There is no effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is infected with an upper respiratory tract virus for the
first time. During the first few hours of infection, which one of the following events occurs?
A. The adaptive immune system responds rapidly to the virus and keeps the viral infection
under control.
B. The innate immune system responds rapidly to the viral infection and keeps the viral
infection under control.
C. Passive immunity mediated by maternal antibodies limits the spread of infection.
D. B and T lymphocytes recognize the virus and stimulate the innate immune response.
, E. The virus causes malignant transformation of respiratory mucosal epithelial cells, and the
malignant cells are recognized by the adaptive immune system.
ANS: B
The innate immune response to microbes develops within hours of infection, well before the
adaptive immune response. B and T lymphocytes are components of the adaptive immune
response, and they would not be able to respond to a newly encountered virus before the innate
immune response. An 8-year-old boy would no longer have maternal antibodies from
transplacental passive transfer and is unlikely to be breast-feeding, which is another potential
source of maternal antibodies. Malignant transformation takes months or years to develop.
4. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system?
A. Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for antigens
B. Self-nonself discrimination
C. Recognition of microbial structures by both cell-associated and soluble receptors
D. Protection against viral infections
E. Responses that have the same kinetics and magnitude on repeated exposure to the same
microbe
ANS: A
Highly diverse repertoires of specificities for antigens are found only in T and B lymphocytes,
which are the central cellular components of the adaptive immune system. Both the innate and
the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to recognize microbes,
display some degree of self-nonself discrimination, and protect against viruses. On repeated
exposure to the same microbe, the aN apR
dU veIim
tiS NGmTunB
e.reC
spOoM
nse becomes more rapid and of greater
magnitude; this is the manifestation of memory.
5. Antibodies and T lymphocytes are the respective mediators of which two types of immunity?
A. Innate and adaptive
B. Passive and active
C. Specific and nonspecific
D. Humoral and cell-mediated
E. Adult and neonatal
ANS: D
Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components of adaptive immunity. B lymphocytes
produce antibodies, which are the recognition and effector molecules of humoral immune
responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recognize and promote eradication of intracellular
pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and active immunity both can be mediated by
either B or T lymphocytes. Specific immunity is another term for adaptive immunity. Both B and
T lymphocytes participate in adult adaptive immunity but are still developing in the neonatal
period.
6. A standard treatment of animal bite victims, when there is a possibility that the animal was
infected with the rabies virus, is administration of human immunoglobulin preparations
containing anti–rabies virus antibodies. Which type of immunity would be established by this
treatment?
A. Active humoral immunity
, B. Passive humoral immunity
C. Active cell-mediated immunity
D. Passive cell-mediated immunity
E. Innate immunity
ANS: B
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies. The transfer of protective antibodies made by one
or more individuals into another individual is a form of passive humoral immunity. Active
immunity to an infection develops when an individual’s own immune system responds to the
microbe. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes, not antibodies, and innate
immunity is not mediated by either antibodies or T lymphocytes.
7. At 15 months of age, a child received a measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). At age 22,
she is living with a family in Mexico that has not been vaccinated and she is exposed to measles.
Despite the exposure, she does not become infected. Which of the following properties of the
adaptive immune system is best illustrated by this scenario?
A. Specificity
B. Diversity
C. Specialization
D. Memory
E. Nonreactivity to self
ANS: D
Protection against infections after vaccination is due to immunologic memory of the adaptive
immune system. Memory is manifeN edRaS
stU sI NG
am eB
orTra.
piC yM
dlO developing and vigorous response on
repeat exposure to an antigen compared with the first exposure. Specificity and diversity are
properties related to the range of antigenic structures recognized by the immune system, and
specialization is the ability of the adaptive immune system to use distinct effector mechanisms
for distinct infections.
8. A vaccine administered in the autumn of one year may protect against the prevalent strain of
influenza virus that originated in Hong Kong that same year, but it will not protect against
another strain of influenza virus that originated in Russia. This phenomenon illustrates which
property of the adaptive immune system?
A. Specificity
B. Amnesia
C. Specialization
D. Cultural diversity
E. Self-tolerance
ANS: A
Adaptive immune responses are highly specific for distinct molecular structures, which may be
present in a vaccine and be produced by one strain of virus but not by a closely related strain.
Amnesia, although generally not used in immunology, implies lack of memory, but the efficacy
of the vaccine against the Hong Kong strain implies it has induced memory. The same effector
mechanisms would be required to combat different strains of influenza, and therefore failure of a
vaccine to protect against two different strains of virus is not related to specialization of effector
functions.
, 9. The two major functional classes of effector T lymphocytes are:
A. Helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
B. Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
C. Memory T cells and effector T cells
D. Helper cells and antigen-presenting cells
E. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells
ANS: A
T cells can be classified into effector subsets that perform different effector functions. Most
effector T cells are either helper T lymphocytes, which promote macrophage and B cell
responses to infections, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which directly kill infected cells. Natural
killer cells are not T lymphocytes. Antigen-presenting cells usually are not T cells. Memory T
cells are not effector T cells.
10. Which of the following cell types is required for all humoral immune responses?
A. Natural killer cells
B. Dendritic cells
C. Cytolytic T lymphocytes
D. B lymphocytes
E. Helper T lymphocytes
ANS: D
Humoral immune responses are antibody-mediated immune responses, and all antibodies are
made by B lymphocytes and by no N heR
otU rSceI
llNtyGpT
e.B.COM
11. During a humoral immune response to a newly encountered bacterial infection, B cells are
first stimulated to proliferate and then secrete antibodies specific for the bacterium. The
antibodies may then bind to the bacteria and facilitate ingestion of the microbes by phagocytic
cells. In what phase of the humoral immune response does the binding of secreted antibodies to
bacteria occur?
A. Recognition phase
B. Activation phase
C. Effector phase
D. Homeostatic phase
E. Memory phase
ANS: C
The effector phase of an immune response occurs when cells or molecules eliminate the microbe
or microbial toxin. In a humoral immune response, the effector phase includes secretion of
antibody, binding of the antibody to the microbe or toxin, and subsequent antibody-dependent
elimination of the microbe or toxin. The recognition phase is the initial binding of the antigen by
the naive lymphocyte. The activation phase includes proliferation and differentiation of
lymphocytes in response to antigen recognition. The homeostatic phase follows the effector
phase, during which the response wanes. In the memory phase, memory B cells and antibodies
secreted by long-lived antibody-secreting cells are “waiting” for a repeat exposure to the
microbe.
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