MMSC407 Exam 1 Questions with
Correct Answers
albuminuria - Answer--increase in urinary albumin is early sign of renal nephropathy
-albumin is a much larger ketone and when it needs to be broken down, the kidneys
lose their ability to filter
-annual assessment of kidney function by determina...
MMSC407 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers albuminuria - Answer --increase in urinary albumin is early sign of renal nephropathy -albumin is a much larger ketone and when it needs to be broken down, the kidneys lose their a bility to filter -annual assessment of kidney function by determination of urinary albumin excretion is recommended for diabetic patients -looks at small amounts of albumin (microalbumin = small amounts NOT small in size) -persistent amount of albumin is compared against the creatinine level -persistent albuminuria: albumin -creatinine ratio of 30 -300 mg/g (considered to be high) uncontrolled diabetes mellitus - Answer --acid base imbalance -can be life threatening sodium fluoride specimen (determination of glucose) - Answer --preserves glucose 24hrs at RT -gray top tubes are the best for collecting glucose specimens because they have a specific anticoagulant in the tube that prevents glucose change -if other enzyme assays are ordered, a red top will be u sed instead of drawing a gray top (excessive work) wavelength - Answer -the distance between the crests of two successive waves amplitude - Answer -the height of each wave -little wave the is very long OR short wave that is very tall frequency - Answer -the number of waves which pass an observation point in ONE second -relates to speed and how fast the wave is moving short - Answer -high energy and high frequency = (short/long) wavelength long - Answer -low energy and low frequency = (short/long) waveleng th red, blue - Answer -(red/blue) is longer wavelength, (red/blue) is shorter wavelength on visible spectrum reflected - Answer -the wave bounces back to the source absorbed - Answer -the wave is absorbed by the material -light that comes in the solution and stays there transmitted - Answer -the wave passes through the material -goes through the solution diffracted - Answer -the wave changes direction as they pass through an opening or around a barrier -bounces off at an angle fluoresced - Answer -the wave is first absorbed then emitted at a different (often longer and visible) wavelength -absorbed at one wavelength and emitted at another transparent - Answer --all light passes through -think of a clear window transluce nt - Answer --some light passes through -like a frosted window (light comes through but can't really see through it) opaque - Answer --no light passes through -like a closed door diffraction of light - Answer -can change in the direction a light beam as i t travels through a slit or by the edge of an opaque solution/object diffraction of light through a slit - Answer -change in direction of a light beam as it travels through a slit -creates bending of light and makes different wavelengths visible -create wavelengths through diffraction grating to measure the specific analyte -send white light through a slit -slit creates bending of the light -bending of light will create multiple visible wavelengths (similar to a prism) diffraction of light by the edge of an opaque solution/object - Answer -change in direction of a light beam as it travels by the edge of an opaque solution/object -putting light against an object and it bends -red bends the least (due to longer wavelength) -blue bends the most (d ue to shorter wavelength) Bouger's - Answer -percent transmittance and absorbance is measured by _____ law Bouger's Law equation - Answer -light transmitted/original (incident) light = I/Io = 1 = 100%T -Io: light source (shines the light) -I: transmitted light (light that comes out on the other side) -100%T: all of the light that is passing through the solution Bouger's Law steps - Answer --light hits monochromator -isolates the wavelength -that wavelength will hit the sample -the sample will have an a nalyte of interest -transmitted light will be measured as a percentage percent transmittance and absorbance - Answer --if transmitted light is decrease, then the ratio will be less than 1 = causes %T to be less than 100 -if no light comes out, there is 0% transmittance = 100% of the light is absorbed opposites - Answer -transmittance and absorbance are (same/opposites) of each other monochromatic light - Answer -instrumentation can isolate single wavelength to go through the solution -one wavelength or as close to one wavelength as possible %T vs. concentration (on linear graph paper) - Answer -logarithmical relationship (absorbance goes up = %T goes down) -a lot of light going in = concentration of analyte is low = high %T %T vs. co ncentration (on semi -log graph paper) - Answer -direct relationship absorbance vs. concentration - Answer -linear and direct relationship -done on linear graph paper absorbance equation - Answer -A= log(100%T/%T) A= log100 - log%T A= 2 - log%T Lambert's L aw - Answer -absorbance will increase as the thickness of the absorbing material increases -size and diameter play a role in the absorbance -skinny cuvette is used = smaller degree of absorbance than something that is bigger in diameter Lambert's Law equa tion - Answer -A=abc -A: absorbance -a: molar absorptivity (UNITS = L/mol*cm) - constant for a given compound at given wavelength under specific conditions of pH, temperature, etc. -b: light path of solution (UNITS = cm) - always constant -c: concentrati on of substance (UNITS = mol/L) - absorbance will change based on the concentration Beer's Law - Answer -absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance in the solution
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